A peer-reviewed study published in American Psychologist, a journal of the American Psychological Association, has found that affectionate parenting during childhood predicts positive adult personality traits decades later.

The research, led by Dr Jasmin Wertz of the University of Edinburgh, followed twins from childhood into young adulthood, measuring how parents expressed warmth through praise, affection, and tone of voice. The study revealed that twins who received more affectionate care: “were rated as more open, conscientious, and agreeable young adults,” even compared with their genetically identical siblings.

Dr Wertz said the findings highlight how small daily expressions of warmth shape personality: “Our results suggest that affectionate parenting in childhood can have long-term effects on who we become as adults.”

Children who feel securely loved and supported develop empathy, discipline, and curiosity, traits that strengthen both households and societies. The study also found that these benefits were not simply inherited but were linked to the quality of parent–child relationships over time.

As modern life strains family bonds, the research reinforces that a nation’s future still begins in its homes. Policies may help, but no programme can replace the steady warmth that builds character. Simple acts of kindness, patience, and praise remain among the most powerful forces in shaping the next generation.