If you have been to university in South Africa, unemployment in your cohort is about 10%. If you have not, it is at least 30 to 40%. Frans Cronje explains to Gabriel Makin why the economy has become a high-skilled, tertiary-sector economy that privileges graduates, why fewer than one in 10 pupils passing maths means schooling cannot fix it inside a generation, and why the only short-term fix is deep industrial investment, which the Constitutional Court's Shell ruling has just made harder.

Read the the report on which Frans's analysis is based here.